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The Bill of Rights is a statement of the basic liberties guaranteed by the first ten Amendments to the Constitution. These rights were not included in the original Constitution but were promised as a condition for ratification (at least four states said they would not ratify without these protections). In this brief, we discuss how these rights have evolved to cover actions by state and local governments.

Adam Smith was a highly influential philosopher and economist whose writings have shaped political and economic thought for over 250 years.

Health care is one of the rare policy areas where nearly everyone agrees something is wrong, but almost no one agrees on a specific solution. One alternative, used in many other countries, is a single-payer system, where the government pays providers for healthcare services. Medicare-for-all, which we described in a previous brief, is one version of single-payer, but as we show here, there are many other ways to implement this system.